How to Design Your Own Roman Votive Altar + How to Read Latin Inscriptions on Roman Altars in Museums

Do you want to be able to read the Latin inscriptions on Roman altars in museums? Or perhaps you want to design your own votive altar to you favourite deity?
In the short overview below, I will tell you what you need to know to get started!

 

Fig. ❶ Emperor Tiberius making a libation (offering of wine) at an altar with an inscription (or Germanicus making an offering to the Genius of Tiberius?), with the Goddess Victoria holding a wreath above his head, Roman relief found at Nijmegen, early 1st century CE. Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen (Netherlands).

What is a Roman Votive Altar?

Roman votive altars were usually dedicated to a Deity by a supplicant as the conclusion of a "religious contract". In the first stage of this agreement, the supplicant would ask a particular Deity for help or protection for the duration of a certain venture (e.g. a journey to a distant place or a battle against a fierce enemy).

In return, the supplicant vowed to dedicate an altar to this Deity. If the requested help or protection was received, the supplicant would fulfil his part of the deal and commission an altar with an inscription which typically contained the following information:

Ⅰ　  Name of God(s) Ⅱ　 Name (and position) of the supplicant Ⅲ　Formulaic phrase

Ⅰ　Name of the God(s)　 

The names of the Gods are put in the Dative case.

Sometimes “the God” or “The Goddess” is added and some Deities are often described as “the venerable” (augusto/augustae), “the sacred” (sancto / sanctae), “the invincible” (INVICTO) or “the best and greatest”.

 Here are some examples of invocations used at the beginning of votive altars (in the dative case):

APOLLINI or DEO APOLLINI	To Apollo
D I M or DEO INVICTO MITRAE or DEO INVICTO MITHRAE	To the Invincible God Mithras
D M   or DIS MANIBVS	To the Di Manes (standard beginning of funerary stele)
DEO MARTI	To the God Mars
DEO MERCVRIO	To the God Mercurius (Mercury)
DEO SILVANO	To the God Silvanus
DEO SOLI INVICTO	To the Invincible Sol
DIANAE or DEAE DIANAE   or DEAE DEANAE or DIANAE REGINA	To Diana or To the Goddess Diana “ or To Diana, the queen
DIANAE APOLLINI	To Diana and Apollo (twins)
DITI PATRI	To Dis Pater
FORTVNAE or DEAE FORTVNAE	To Fortunae or To the Goddess Fortuna
GENIO LOCI	To the Genius Loci (guardian spirit of a location)
HERCVLI or DEO HERCVLI or DEO INVICTO HERCVLI or HERCULI VICTOR	To Hercules or To the God Hercules or To the Invincible God Hercules or To Hercules, the victor
I O M (short for IOVI OPTIMO MAXIMO)	To Iuppiter (Jupiter), the best and greatest
LARIBVS	To the Lares
LIBERO PATRI	To Liber Pater (=Bacchus/Dionysus)
LIBERO PATRI ET LIBERAE	To Liber Pater and Libera
MATRIBVS or DEABVS MATRIBVS	To the Matres (=mothers) or To the Goddesses the Matres
MINERVAE or DEAE MINERVAE or DEAE MENERVAE or DEAE SANCTAE MINERVAE	To Minerva or To the Goddess Minerva or To the Sacred Goddess Minerva

(If you cannot find the Deity you are looking for, check out this database: https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/) 

Ⅱ　Name of the Supplicant

The name of the supplicant is simply in the Nominative case. Note that the name is often abbreviated drastically to save space or keep the costs of the commissioned altar down. For example the name Publius Aulius could be abbreviated as P・AVL・.

Sometimes, the place of origin, military rank, profession or even father’s name were also included. Was it to make sure the Gods knew who exactly dedicated the altar? Or perhaps these supplicants wanted to show of their power and wealth to the other temple visitors?

Ⅲ　Formulaic Phrase

 The most common ending would be VSLM which stands for "Votum Solvit Libens Merito". In English, this means “has fulfilled his vow willingly and deservedly”.

The shorter alternatives SL, LM and VSL are also sometimes used.

Examples

The altar on Fig. ❷ is dedicated to Lady Fortune and has a very simple inscription.

Fig. ❷ Altar with the inscription "FORTVNAE DACCIVS SABINVS VOTVM SOLVIT LIBENS MERITO", Römisch-Germanisches Museum Köln (Germany).

 

Altars dedicated to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus are probably the most common of all. They can be recognised by the abbreviation IOM (Fig. ❸).

Fig. ❸ Altar with the inscription "I(OVI) O(PTIMO) M(AXIMO) M(ARCVS) SABINIVS CANDIDVS V(OTVM) S(OLVIT) L(IBENS) M(ERITO)", Museum Het Valkhof, Nijmegen (Netherlands).

Fig. ❹ and ❺ show an altar to Hercules I commissioned myself. It was made by an artist from the United Kingdom called Simon Jameson. You can order your own altar with personalised inscription over at his website.

Simon Jameson based the shape of this votive altar on an original that was found along Hadrian’s wall and can currently be seen at Chesters Roman Fort Museum. The orignal seems to have an inscription saying it was dedicated to the Goddess Minerva.

I chose to have the letters painted red, as there have been instances where traces of red pigmentation were found on votive altars, but the red paint you can see on most altars in museums is actually restored to increase legibility [i]. Details apart from the lettering may have been painted as well.

Fig. ❹　Altar to Hercules with votive altar by Simon Jameson from 1066 Creations.

 

Fig. ❺　Altar to Hercules with votive altar by Simon Jameson from 1066 Creations.　The shallow depression at the top is used for burning offerings like incense, as can be seen on Roman reliefs.

References:

[i] Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Adkins (2014) Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. Infobase Publishing: p259.

Netflix Review: "Roman Empire: Reign of Blood". How authentic does this series look?

Netflix just released this new series on ancient Rome called “Roman Empire: Reign of Blood” (2016) and I just watched the first episode so I thought I would do a review.

Positive elements 

Let me start off by saying the things I liked about the first episode:

❶ The series tries to stay true to the historical events, and to emphasise this, they added documentary-like intermezzos where scholars give the viewer some historical background.

❷ The narrator is Sean Bean (Ned Stark from Game of Thrones). Everything this man says just sounds epic.

Review of the authenticity of the props

I am always pleased when a new series on ancient Rome becomes available, but this time I was somewhat dissapointed.

The first episode of “Roman Empire: Reign of Blood” focusses on the Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus, in other words the same people you can see in Gladiator (2000). However, the latter came out 16 years ago and since it has become so much easier to access ancient sources, see Roman reliefs, frescos, mosaics etc. online, I was hoping for an improvement when it comes to the authenticity of the props. The storyline seems to be more accurate, but the props are not better, or maybe even worse (for the first episode at least). This really is a pity because there have been movies and series since that were rather accurate when it comes to props like the movie “Agora” (2009) or the HBO series “Rome” (2005). 

Allow me to take you through a few point that I believe are missed opportunities to take the series to a higher level and give it a higher educational value.

Facial hair

While the early emperors obviously preferred a clean-shaven look, all the emperors from Hadrianus up until Caracalla were typically depicted with a beard [i]. As far as I am aware, all busts of both Marcus Aurelius and Commodus as emperors show them as having beards, although busts made when they were still boys obviously have no beards. One could argue that showing Commodus without a beard at the beginning of the series makes sense because he is still young, but the previews show him without a beard, even later on.

Marcus Aurelius' portayal without his characteristic philosopher's beard is even more astonishing. Especially since this series was made in 2016, at a time when long beards have been fashionable again for a while so the reason for this omission cannot be because the makers wanted to avoid alienating today’s audience. Did they simply forget to do a Google image search for their names? Even the movie Gladiator showed Marcus Aurelius with a beard.

Emperor Marcus Aurelius photographs by Rosco, Giovanni Dall'Orto, Gryffindor, Pierre-Selim, emperor Commodus photographs by sailko, Gryffindor, Segafredo18, and Marie-Lan Nguyen.

Hairstyles

Several women in the first episode, including the Empress Faustina Minor are shown with loose or semi-loose hair, but throughout the Roman era, loose hair was associated with death and mourning [ii]. It is obvious from busts of Faustina Minor that she, like most Roman women at the time, wanted to look as refined as possible and her neat hairstyle was one way to achieve that. 

 

The kind of hairdo one would see on a girl who comes to a Halloween party dressed as a “Greek Goddess” is something I was not surprised to see on the "Spartacus" series (2010-2013), but I was surprised to see it on "Roman Empire: Reign of Blood". "Agora" and HBO’s "Rome" were able to recreate Roman hairstyles with much more success. There is plenty of information available on ancient Roman women’s hairstyles (even on YouTube [iii]) so one onders why they did not research this properly.

Faustina Minor photographs by Sailko, Anagoria, ChrisO, CNG.

Helmets

At one point, the narrator Sean Bean says that the soldiers were “equipped with the latest weaponry”, however, at that exact moment the images showed marching soldiers wearing Montefortino type helmets, which were typically used centuries before that during the Republican era (509 BCE–27 BCE), but possibly up until the early 1^st century CE [iv]. This series however is supposed to depict the the late 2^nd century CE.

Other helmets shown in the series are not unlike the helmets on the Column and the Arch of Marcus Aurelius. Others are of the typical Imperial Gallic type, so this seems acceptable. However, if they had helmets who look more or less authentic from a distance to their disposal, one wonders why they used Montefortino helmets at all.

Relief photograph by Jastrow, quinet (Thomas Quine).

Relief photograph by Borosaurus Lentus, helmet photograph by TIMOTHEVS (Nijmegen, Netherlands)

Commodus as a "Gladiator"

The scene where Commodus fights as a gladiator is far from convincing. Not only do the moves look overly choreographed, his equipment hardly resembles that of a gladiator. The gladiators are not wearing helmets, and Commodus' scutum (shield) has straps instead of a centre grip. For more details on this subject, I refer you to my video or blogpost on the seven most popular types of gladiators of Imperial Rome.

Wine cups

There are several types of wine cups you can see on frescos, reliefs and mosaics and they correspond to what has been excavated. Replicas of all of these types are readily available online or at many museum shops, so I do not know why they did not simply use some of those instead the new age chalices they used. When it comes to wine cups, they did a better job in the “I Claudius”, eventhough that series was made during the 1970’s.

Silver cantharus photograph by Sailko, Silver scyphus photograph by Marie-Lan Nguyen, other photographs by TIMOTHEVS.

Candles

Although candles were used during the Roman period, oil lamp were much much more common [v]. In the series, I believe I spotted one Byzantine-style oil lamp for a brief moment, but there was a disproportionate number of candles.

Photographs by TIMOTHEVS.

If they preferred candles, they should have opted for some of the typical kinds of Roman candle stick holders instead of the modern chandeliers which look nothing like the real thing. One is inclined to imagine the makers sending a few people to a random home decor shop saying “Just bring whatever looks a bit old-fashioned guys.”

Photographs by TIMOTHEVS.

Cuffs

For some reason, modern filmmakers insist on depicting Roman men with a pair of cuffs, and I really wonder where this comes from. I have been paying attention to this for years, but I have never seen a contemporary depiction of a Roman soldier or emperor wearing any. Perhaps, there actually is depiction of a Roman man wearing this kind of bracelet out there, because even some characters on HBO’s "Rome" wore them (If you happen to know where film makers got this idea, please let me know!). Cuffs cannot have been that common though, at least not in this era, as none of the individuals portrayed on the Arch and the Column of Marcus Aurelius seems to be wearing any.

Conclusion

If it had been just one or even two of the aforementioned inaccuracies, I would have gladly forgiven the makers of "Romane Empire: Reign of Blood", but the fact that they made this many mistakes gives a very sloppy impression. It makes one wonder if they even had a historical advisor at all.

References:

[i] For an overview with pictures: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors

(accessed: November 18, 2016). 

[ii] Tibullus 1.1, 59-68. & Thorsten Fögen (editor) (2009) Tears in the Graeco-Roman World. Literart Criticism: p140.

[iii] YouTube user  Janet Stephens has several videos on how to recreate Roman hairstyles https://www.youtube.com/user/jntvstp (accessed: November 18, 2016).

[iv] Travis, John and Hilary Travis. Roman Helmets (2014). Amberley Publishing Limited: "MONTEFORTINO - TYPES A TO F" in chapter IV.
[v] Morris, Ting (2006) Arts and Crafts of Ancient Rome. Black Rabbit Books: p21.